Methods and apparatus for hygromorphic shape control

ABSTRACT

A composite film includes a substrate that is not responsive to relative humidity, and also one or more layers of hygromorphic material. The hygromorphic material expands in response to an increase in relative humidity and contracts in response to a decrease in relative humidity. In some cases, the composite film is bi-layer or tri-layer. The composite films are fabricated such that they undergo a desired bending pattern in response to changes in relative humidity. In some cases, these bending patterns are combinations of two bending primitives: a smooth curve and a sharply angled curve. These two primitives are combined to create a variety of shape transformations including 1D linear transformation, 2D surface expansion and contraction, 2.5D texture change and 3D folding. Any type of hygromorphic material may be employed, including living gram positive and gram negative bacterial cells, yeast cells, plant cells, mammalian cells, cell debris, or hydrogel.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/927,375 filed Oct. 29, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/072,400 filed Oct. 29, 2014 and alsoclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/149,479 filedApr. 17, 2015.

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

The present invention relates generally to hygromorphic shape control.

SUMMARY

In illustrative embodiments of this invention, a composite filmincludes: (a) a substrate that is not responsive to relative humidity,and (b) one or more layers of hygromorphic material. The hygromorphicmaterial expands in response to an increase in relative humidity andcontracts in response to a decrease in relative humidity.

In some cases, the composite film is bi-layer. The first layer comprisesa hygromorphic material. The second layer comprises an elastic ornon-elastic, non-moisture responsive film. The default state of the filmafter deposition is bended (at low relative humidity). The film turnsflat when the surrounding relative humidity increases.

In some cases, the composite film is tri-layer. The outer two layerscomprise a hygromorphic material. The inner layer comprises an elasticor non-elastic, non-moisture responsive film. The default state of thefilm is flat in a relative humidity homogenous environment (either atlow relative humidity on both sides, or high relative humidity on bothsides). The film bends when the two sides are exposed to differentrelative humidities.

In illustrative embodiments of this invention, the bending orientationof a composite film depends in part on the orientation of the celldeposition. Parallel lines of cell films tend to pull the film such thatthe film bends along the longitude of the lines.

In some embodiments, composite films are fabricated such that theyundergo a particular, desired bending pattern in response to changes inrelative humidity. In some cases, this bending pattern is a combinationof two bending primitives: a smooth curve and a sharply angled curve.

To achieve a smooth curve, hygromorphic material is applied across anentire side of the substrate. The bending curvature of the smooth curveat a specific relative humidity depends on the relative thicknesses ofthe hygromorphic layer and substrate layer, the percent of the substratesurface covered by the hygromorphic material, and the type of thehygromorphic material.

To achieve a V-shaped bend (a sharp angular bend), hygromorphic materialis applied in a relatively smaller region within the folding lines. Astiffer material may be attached to substrate regions withouthygromorphic actuators, to stabilize the structure and enhance theeffect of a sharp fold. The bending angle of a V-shaped bend (a sharpangular bend) is determined by the relative thicknesses of thehygromorphic layer and the substrate layer, the percent of the substratesurface covered by the hygromorphic material, and the type of thehygromorphic material. The amount of change in relative humidity neededto reach this bending angle (i.e., the sensitivity of the bendingresponse) depends on the thickness of the deposited hygromorphic layerand substrate layer.

In illustrative embodiments of this invention, these two bendingprimitives (smooth curve and V-shaped sharp angular bend) are combinedto create a variety of shape transformations including 1D lineartransformation, 2D surface expansion and contraction, 2.5D texturechange and 3D folding. In illustrative embodiments of this invention,these shape transformations are actuated by expansion and contraction ofhygromorphic material in response to changes in relative humidity.

In illustrative embodiments of this invention, a liquid depositionmodeling printer (or other 3D printer) deposits liquid to create or addto composite film. The liquid includes hygromorphic material. There areseveral ways to solidify the liquid. First, moisture evaporates from thedeposited material, causing the material to solidify. Second, mixinghygromorphic material with UV curable materials. UV radiation causes thematerial to solidify. Third, mixing hygromorphic material with chemicalreactive components. Chemical reactions, such as in situ gelation due tochemical relation cause the material to solidify.

In illustrative embodiments, an LDM printer applies hygromorphicmaterial to a first side of an object, such that the amount of thehygromorphic material that adheres to the first side variessubstantially from region to region of the first side. In some cases,the LDM printer also applies hygromorphic material to a second side ofan object, such that the amount of the hygromorphic material thatadheres to the second side varies substantially from region to region ofthe second side.

Any type of hygromorphic material may be employed. For example, thehygromorphic material may comprise intact cells and cell debris from anytype of gram positive or gram negative bacterial cells (includingvegetative cells and endospores), fungi cells (including yeast cells),mammalian cells, hydrogels, or cellular components including protein,DNA, carbohydrate (including polysaccharide) or their mixtures.

In illustrative embodiments, one or more heaters (temperature) andhumidifiers (moisture) adjust relative humidity (function of bothtemperature and moisture) ambient to the composite film, and thus causea change in shape of the film. The change of shape follows a bendingpattern that depends, at least in part, on the distribution of thehygromorphic material on the first side and (if applicable) the secondside of the layer. In some cases, the humidifier comprises a bubblerthat blows moist pressurized air over the composite film, in order toraise relative humidity. In some cases, the heater comprises aconductive ink that is part of the composite film and that heats thefilm by resistive heating, thereby causing relative humidity todecrease.

In some cases, the composite film or thread or 3D shaped object isformed by solidifying the liquid mixture containing liquid inertsubstrate precursor, hygromorphic material and other functional objects.For example, these other objects may include magnetic nanoparticles,nanowires, thermoreactive ink or chemicals, or sensors.

The description of the present invention in the Summary and Abstractsections hereof is just a summary. It is intended only to give a generalintroduction to some illustrative implementations of this invention. Itdoes not describe all of the details and variations of this invention.Likewise, the descriptions of this invention in the Field of Technologysection is not limiting; instead it identifies, in a general,non-exclusive manner, a technology to which exemplary implementations ofthis invention generally relate. Likewise, the Title of this documentdoes not limit the invention in any way; instead the Title is merely ageneral, non-exclusive way of referring to this invention. Thisinvention may be implemented in many other ways.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a 3-axis CNC positioning system, with two substrates forattachment of modular components.

FIGS. 2A-2F show a substrate of the positioning system, with differentmodular components attached to the substrate.

FIG. 2A shows a micro-extrusion dispenser and a gravity-feed solutioncontainer attached to the substrate. This dispenser and container arealso attached to the substrate in FIGS. 2B-2F.

FIG. 2B shows a ventilation module attached to the substrate.

FIG. 2C shows a closed container attached to the substrate. Thecontainer stores higher-viscosity solutions that are dispensed underpneumatic pressure.

FIG. 2D shows a UV curing lamp attached to the substrate.

FIG. 2E shows a webcam attached to the substrate.

FIG. 2F shows a stirring device attached to a solution container.

FIG. 3A shows a micro-extrusion dispenser and a gravity-feed solutioncontainer.

FIG. 3B is a cross-section of a portion of the dispenser shown in FIG.3A.

FIG. 4A shows an atomizer system.

FIG. 4B is an exploded view of the atomizer system.

FIG. 5 shows another example of a 3-axis positioning system with controlmodules.

FIG. 6A shows a modified inkjet cartridge for storing cell solution.

FIG. 6B shows a support structure for pneumatic tubing.

FIG. 7A shows a bi-layer composite film, comprising a substrate andhygromorphic material applied to one side of the substrate.

FIG. 7B shows a cross-section of the bi-layer film in FIG. 7A.

FIG. 8A shows a tri-layer composite film, comprising a substrate andhygromorphic material applied to both sides of the substrate.

FIG. 8B shows a cross-section of the tri-layer film in FIG. 8A.

FIG. 9 shows a stiff substrate, with hygromorphic material applied toless rigid bending regions of the substrate.

FIG. 10 shows a bubbler system for controlling relative humidity.

FIG. 11A and FIG. 11B show a composite film with a conductive trace.FIG. 11A is a perspective view; FIG. 11B is a cross-section view.

FIG. 12A shows an exploded view of a mask system for selectivelyapplying conductive ink.

FIG. 12B shows conductive ink being applied to a substrate.

FIG. 13A shows a heating panel for heating a composite film.

FIG. 13B shows a cross-section of the heating panel.

FIGS. 14A-14D show two bending primitives, in which bending is actuatedby hygromorphic material.

In FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B, the bending primitive is a smooth curve.

In FIG. 14C and FIG. 14D, the bending primitive is V-shaped.

FIGS. 14E-14V show examples of shape transformations that comprise acombination of these two bending primitives

In FIG. 14E and FIG. 14F, the transformation is to and from a zig-zagshape.

In FIG. 14G and FIG. 14, the transformation is to and from anaccordion-like shape.

In FIG. 14I and FIG. 14J, the transformation is to and from a three-,four- or five-pointed polygon.

In FIG. 14K and FIG. 14L, the transformation is to and from a honeycombshape.

In FIG. 14M and FIG. 14N, the transformation changes surface texturebetween flat and undulatory.

In FIG. 14O and FIG. 14p , the transformation changes surface texturebetween flat and bumpy.

In FIG. 14Q, FIG. 14R, FIG. 14S, FIG. 14T, FIG. 14U and FIG. 14V, thetransformation is to and from folded 3-D object.

FIG. 15A-15K show hygromorphic material attached to threads in atextile.

FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B show hygromorphically-actuated expansion andcontraction of a portion of a single thread.

FIG. 15C and FIG. 15D show hygromorphically-actuated expansion andcontraction of plain-woven threads.

FIG. 15E and FIG. 15F show hygromorphically-actuated expansion andcontraction of spiral loops of a thread.

FIG. 15G and FIG. 15H show hygromorphically-actuated expansion andcontraction of a lower region of a thread, causing the thread to bend ina “V”.

FIG. 15I, 15J and FIG. 15K show hygromorphically-actuated expansion andcontraction of lower regions of plain-woven threads, causing the plainweave to bend.

FIGS. 16A-16H show hygromorphically-actuated expansion and contractionof a composite film that comprises liquid latex and cells and, in somecases, other materials. In FIGS. 16A, 16C, 16E, 16G, humidity is higherand cells are in an expanded state. In FIGS. 16B, 16CD, 16F, 16H,humidity is lower and cells are in a contracted state.

FIGS. 17A, 17B and 17C show a running suit withhygromorphically-actuated vents.

FIG. 18 shows hygromorphic material applied to the “veins” of aleaf-shaped substrate.

The above Figures show some illustrative implementations of thisinvention, or provide information that relates to those implementations.However, this invention may be implemented in many other ways.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Fabrication of Hygromorphic Structures

In illustrative embodiments of this invention, a liquid depositionmodeling (LDM) 3D printing platform prints materials in liquid solutionto produce either 2D or 3D hygromorphic structures.

In illustrative embodiments, printable materials range from synthesizedpolymers to living cells. The printing platform has amagnetic-assembly-based modular design. The modularized parts may beeasily and precisely reconfigured and aligned to meet different materialrequirements for solidification, such as mechanical mixing, chemicalreaction, light activation and solution vaporization. In addition, theprinting platform supports an open-source, customizable software designand simulation platform. Parametric tools are employed to offset 1Dlines, fill 2D surfaces or slice 3D models. The printing platform has alarge range of printing resolution with droplet width from 10 μm up to 5mm, due to its central progressive cavity pump based dispenser that usedas an extruder.

In illustrative embodiments, the micro-extrusion LDM printer systemincludes a standard 3-axis CNC platform, two mounting substrates forattaching modular components, and a controller.

FIG. 1 shows a 3-axis CNC positioning system 101 for an LDM 3D printer,in an illustrative embodiment of this invention. The positioning system101 includes two substrates 105, 107 for attachment of modularcomponents of the printer. The positioning system also includes threemovable stages: stage 103 for x-axis movement, stage 105 for z-axismovement, and stage 112 for y-axis movement. The positioning system 101includes actuators (occluded from view in FIG. 1) for movement of thesethree movable stages. A controller 111 controls the positioning system101. For example, in some cases, the controller 111 controls up to 5one-axis stepper motor, and includes 5 input ports and 5 extra outputports to accept signals and send commands to the modular components.

FIGS. 2A-2F show a substrate of the positioning system, with differentmodular components attached to the substrate, in illustrativeembodiments of this invention. The modularized parts may be reconfiguredto meet different material requirements for solidification, such asmechanical mixing, chemical reaction, light activation and solutionvaporization.

In illustrative embodiments of this invention, the LDM 3D printer hasmodules that may be easily added to or removed from the printer fordifferent use scenarios. To facilitate the addition and removal ofmodules, the two mounting substrates include magnets. For example,mounting substrate 109 includes at least five magnets 131, 133, 135,137, 139. The modules that are attached to the mounting substrate 109also have magnets. Thus, the modules may be easily held in place,relative to mounting substrate 109, by magnetic attraction betweenmagnets. The magnets and modules are configured such that attachment fora given module is in the same position relative to mounting substrate109, each time that the given module is attached.

FIG. 2A shows a micro-extrusion dispenser 121 and a gravity-feedsolution container 125 attached to the substrate. This dispenser 121 andcontainer 125 are also attached to the substrate in FIGS. 2B-2F.

Dispenser 121 is a progressive cavity pump based dispensing head. Insome cases, dispenser 121 produces droplet widths between 10 μm up to 5mm. The dispenser 121 is controlled by the controller 111. Thecontroller 111 may, among other things, turn on and off the dispenser.

In illustrative embodiments, the LDM system has two types of solutioncontainers. A liquid (e.g., 128) that flows quickly with its own gravitymay be loaded into gravity based container 125 without a cap. However,for solutions (e.g., 145) with higher viscosity, closed container 144(FIG. 2C) with controllable pneumatic pressure is used.

FIG. 2B shows a ventilation module 141 attached to a mounting substrate.In the example shown in FIG. 2B, the ventilation module 141 includes twospeed-tunable fans 142, 143. The fans circulate air over the liquid thatis deposited by the LDM printer, in order to facilitate evaporation ofliquid and solidifying of the deposited material. Magnets 165, 169 inthe ventilation module magnetically attach to magnets 135, 139 inmounting substrate 109.

FIG. 2C shows a closed container 144 attached to a mounting substrate.The container 144 stores a higher-viscosity solution 145 that isdispensed under pneumatic pressure. Pressurized air is supplied toclosed container 144 via a pneumatic tube 145. Magnets 161, 163 incontainer 141 attach to magnets 131, 133 in mounting substrate 109.

FIG. 2D shows a UV (ultra-violet light) curing lamp 146 attached tomounting substrate 109. The UV curing lamp 146 emits UV light for curingcertain liquids, such as resins, that are deposited by the LDM printerin some cases. A mirror assembly 147 guides the UV light emitted by lamp146. Magnets 171, 173 in the UV lamp attach to magnets 131, 133 inmounting substrate 109.

FIG. 2E shows a webcam 148 attached to a mounting substrate. In somecases, a video feed recorded by the webcam 148 is processed in order to:(a) remotely track printing progress; or (b) detect an object and setthat object as the starting point of a printing path. Magnet 167 in thewebcam attaches to magnet 137 in mounting substrate 109.

FIG. 2F shows a stirring device attached to a solution container. Thestirring device comprises an actuator (e.g., electric motor) 150 and astirring rod/blade 151. The stirring device is use to preventsedimentation in the container. For example, the stirring device may beused to stir a solution containing living cells that would otherwisesediment out of the solution.

FIG. 3A shows micro-extrusion dispenser 121 and a gravity-feed solutioncontainer 125, in an illustrative embodiment of this invention. Thesolution in container 125 is a low viscosity liquid 128 that flows outof container 125 by gravity feed.

FIG. 3B is a cross-section of a portion of the dispenser shown in FIG.3A. As shown in FIG. 3B, a liquid solution 128 flows from container 125into a cavity 303 in dispenser 121, then through a progressive cavitypump 301, and then through a nozzle 123.

FIG. 4A shows an atomizer system 400, in an illustrative embodiment ofthis invention. FIG. 4B is an exploded view of the atomizer system. Anatomizer 401 is moved by a 3-axis positioning system. The atomizersprays an atomized mist of a liquid solution that contains hygromorphicmaterials. In order to use the atomizer system 400 for patterneddeposition on a substrate 403, a mask 402 is placed over the substrate403. The atomizer deposits hygromorphic material on exposed (un-masked)regions of substrate 403. For example, the substrate 403 may comprise alatex film. A frame 404 holds mask 402 and substrate 403 in position.

FIG. 5 shows another example of a 3-axis positioning system 501, in anillustrative embodiment of this invention. The positioning systemincludes actuators 502, 503 and 504 for actuating movement along anx-axis, z-axis and y-axis, respectively. A microcontroller 505 controlsthe actuators and thus movement of a 3D inkjet printer that is mountedon, and translated by, the actuators. The microcontroller 505 is in turncontrolled by computer 507. A keyboard 506 and touch electronic displayscreen 508 are employed for input/output from and to a user.Alternatively or in addition, other I/O devices may be employed.

In some embodiments, the liquid solution containing hygromorphicmaterial has a low viscosity, such that it is well-suited by beingdeposited by an inkject printhead.

FIG. 6A shows a modified inkjet cartridge 603 for storing cell solution601, in an illustrative embodiment of this invention. For example, thecell solution 601 may comprise endospores in solution. An inkjetprinthead 605 prints the cell solution. For example, in some cases, thecartridge has 12 nozzles that may be individually controlled. To replacethe ink in the original cartridge with spore solution, the top cap ofthe cartridge is removed. Then the cartridge and the sponge inside arewashed. After they completely dried, a 5 mL spore solution is pouredinto the cartridge and soaks the sponge inside the cartridge. The topcap is reattached (e.g., with tape) to the cartridge body. In somecases, an ultrasonic cleaner is used to clean the nozzles of cartridgewhen the nozzles become blocked by impurities.

FIG. 6B shows a support structure for pneumatic tubing, in anillustrative embodiment of this invention. Two pneumatic tubes 611, 612that connect to the inkjet cartridge (or other pneumatic dispenser, suchas 144) are supported by a rigid (e.g., acrylic) structure 615 with fourholes. This support structure ensures that the tubing remains at thesame position when applying pneumatic pressure into a cartridge or othercontainer that holds the solution to be deposited.

Composite Film

In illustrative embodiments of this invention, a composite film includesa hygromorphic material that changes shape in response to changes inrelative humidity.

In some cases, the composite film is bi-layer (i.e., comprises twolayers). The first layer comprises a hygromorphic material (e.g.,cells). The second layer comprises an elastic or non-elastic,non-moisture responsive film. The default state of the film afterdeposition is bended (at low relative humidity). The film turns flatwhen the surrounding relative humidity increases.

FIG. 7A shows a bi-layer composite film 700 in an illustrativeembodiment of this invention. FIG. 7B shows a cross-section of thebi-layer film in FIG. 7A.

In FIGS. 7A and 7B, the bi-layer film 700 comprises a substrate 702 andhygromorphic material 701 that is selectively applied to portions ofonly one side 711 of substrate 702. Hygromorphic material 701 is notapplied to the other side 710 of the substrate. The substrate 702 is notresponsive to relative humidity. The bi-layer composite film is curvedin normal room conditions (about RH 50%). The curve is induced by thestress from the cell contraction during dehydration process. To ensure aconstant bending direction, cells are deposited as thin lines on thesubstrate.

In some cases, the composite film is tri-layer. The outer two layerscomprise a hygromorphic material. The inner layer comprises an elasticor non-elastic, non-moisture responsive film. The default state of thefilm is flat in a relative humidity homogenous environment (either atlow relative humidity on both sides, or high relative humidity on bothsides). The film bends when the two sides are exposed to differentrelative humidities. The side exposed to lower relative humidity willinduce the bending due to a higher degree of cell contraction resultingin contractile force.

FIG. 8A shows a tri-layer composite film, comprising a substrate andhygromorphic material applied to both sides of the substrate, in anillustrative embodiment of this invention. FIG. 8B shows a cross-sectionof the tri-layer film in FIG. 8A. The two outer layers comprisehygromorphic material (same type or different types) 701. The innerlayer comprises a substrate 702 that is not responsive to relativehumidity. When the two sides are exposed to the same environmentalrelative humidity, the tri-layer film 800 is flat by default. If oneside is exposed higher relative humidity, the tri-layer film 800 curvesto the opposite side with low relative humidity. In some cases, thesubstrate 702 comprises: (a) 0.2 mm thick latex; or (b) 0.3 mil Kapton®(a polyimide film), or (c) 0.3 mil PET (polyethylene terephthalate).

Alternatively, in some cases, a film has a homogeneous composition,comprising a hygromorphic material mixed with an elastic or non-elastic,non-moisture responsive materials. The default state of the film afterdeposition is either flat or bended with a 3D shape (at low relativehumidity). The film will further bend to the opposite side of whichexposes to high relative humidity due to swelling of the hygromorphicmaterial.

FIG. 9 shows a stiff substrate 901, with hygromorphic material 903applied to less rigid bending regions 902 of the substrate, in anillustrative embodiment of this invention. This structure causes angular(V-shaped) bending in the bending regions, in response to changes inambient relative humidity.

In illustrative embodiments, the composite film is fabricated bysolidifying a solution that includes hygromorphic material. The solutionis applied onto a substrate layer and then solidified based on solventevaporation, chemical reaction (including UV radiation), or solubilitycuring, but not limited to these methods.

Humidity Control

In some embodiments of this invention, relative humidity is controlledand rapidly adjusted, in order to rapidly adjust bending of hygromorphicmaterials.

FIG. 10 shows a bubbler system 1000 for controlling relative humidity.

To quickly raise the relative humidity, a water bubbler 1001 convertsdry, compressed air into wet air that reaches above 90% relativehumidity. The dry, compressed air is compressed by an air compressor1003, stored in a reservoir 1004, and delivered to the bubbler via apressure regulator 1005, valve 1006 and pneumatic tubing 1007. A heater1002 heats the liquid in bubbler 1001. Wet air travels via pneumatictube 1008 to composite film 1009. The film changes shape in response toincreases and decreases in relative humidity.

To quickly lower the relative humidity, conductive traces 1020 areincluded in the composite film 1009. When voltage is applied to theconductive traces, the heat generated by the traces raises thetemperature around the composite film. This causes the relative humidityto decrease rapidly.

To alternate between high and low relative humidity, the systemalternatively provides wet air from the bubbler, then applies a voltageto drive current through the conductive traces. A sensor 1010 detectsrelative humidity in the region of the composite film 1009. The sensorreads are transmitted to a microcontroller 1011. The microcontroller1001 controls one or more relay switches 1012, which alternately turn onthe bubbler and the voltage to the conductive traces. In someimplementations, a complete cycle from humid to less humid to humidagain takes less than one minute.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show a composite film with a conductive trace, in anillustrative embodiment of this invention. In FIGS. 11A and 11B,hygromorphic material 701 is selectively applied to one side 711 of asubstrate 702, and conductive ink 1101 is selectively applied to theother side 710 of the substrate 702. The conductive ink is a resistiveheater that generates heat when electric current flows through it. Theheat to changes the ambient relative humidity and the composite filmresponds to the change by changing its bending angle.

Alternatively or in addition, the conductive trace 1101 may be used assensing elements well. For example, in some cases, the resistance of theconductive traces changes as the composite film bends at varyingcurvatures. With precise calibration, the bending angle may be readdirectly. A single conductive trace may serve either as a capacitivesensor or heating element through the use of two relay switches.

FIG. 12A shows an exploded view of a mask system for selectivelyapplying conductive ink, in an illustrative embodiment of thisinvention. FIG. 12B shows conductive ink being applied to a substrate,in an illustrative embodiment of this invention. A mask 1203 is placedover a mesh 1202, which is placed over a substrate 1200. A frame 1201holds the mesh and mask in position. Conductive ink is dispensed by adispenser 1210 onto the mask 1202. A squeegee 1211 presses theconductive ink through the mask, thereby depositing a conductive trace1214 on the substrate.

Alternatively or in addition, a heating panel that is external to thecomposite film may provide heat to reduce relative humidity.

FIG. 13A shows a heating panel 1301 for heating a composite film 700, inan illustrative implementation of this invention. FIG. 13B shows across-section of the heater. The heating panel 1301 comprises resistiveheating wires 1302 between two layers of material 1303, 1304 that arenot damaged by heat. The heat generated by the wires 1302 decreases theenvironmental relative humidity and result in the bending of thecomposite film 700 on top of it.

Hygromorphic Shape Control

In illustrative embodiments of this invention, the bending orientationof a composite film depends in part on the orientation of the celldeposition. Parallel lines of cell films tend to pull the film such thatthe film bends along the longitude of the lines.

FIGS. 14A-14D show two bending primitives, in which bending is actuatedby hygromorphic material, in illustrative embodiments of this invention.A composite film comprises (a) a substrate layer 1403 that is notresponsive to relative humidity, and (b) a layer of hygromorphicmaterial 1402 that expands and contracts in response to changes inrelative humidity.

In FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B, the bending primitive is a smooth roundedcurve. To achieve a smooth curve transformation, hygromorphic materialis applied across an entire side of the elastic substrate. The bendingcurvature of the smooth curve at a specific relative humidity depends onthe thicknesses of both hygromorphic layer and substrate layer, thecoverage percentage on the substrate, and type of the hygromorphicmaterial.

In FIG. 14C and FIG. 14D, the bending primitive is V-shaped. To achieveV-shaped bend (a sharp angular bend), hygromorphic material is appliedin the folding line area on top of substrate. A stiffer material itselfcan be used as a single substrate (hygromorphic materials on the linearea) or a stiffer material without hygromorphic material may beattached to the soft substrate regions with hygromorphic material, tostabilize the structure and enhance the effect of a sharp fold. Thebending angle of a V-shaped bend (a sharp angular bend) is determined bythe thicknesses of both hygromorphic layer and the substrate layer, thecoverage percentage on the substrate line area, and type of thehygromorphic material.

The amount of change in relative humidity needed to reach this bendingangle (i.e., the sensitivity of the bending response) depends on thethickness of the deposited hygromorphic layer, the coverage percentageon the substrate line area, and type of the hygromorphic material.

These two bending primitives (smooth curve and V-shaped sharp angularbend) may be combined to create a variety of shape transformationsincluding 1D linear transformation, 2D surface expansion andcontraction, 2.5D texture change and 3D folding. In illustrativeembodiments of this invention, these shape transformations are actuatedby expansion and contraction of hygromorphic material in response tochanges in relative humidity.

FIGS. 14E-14V show examples of shape transformations that comprise acombination of these two bending primitives, in illustrative embodimentsof this invention.

In some cases, the shape transformation changes the shape of a singlepanel. In FIG. 14E and FIG. 14F, a single panel changes shape between aflat shape 1407 and a zig-zag shape 1408. In FIG. 14G and FIG. 14H, asingle panel changes shape between (a) a flat structure 1415 and (b) anaccordion-like shape 1416.

In some cases, the shape transformation is two-dimensional. In FIG. 14Iand FIG. 14J, the transformation is between circular shapes 1442, 1443,1444 and a three-pointed polygon 1422, a four-pointed polygon 1423, anda five-pointed polygon 1424, respectively. In FIG. 14K and FIG. 14L, thetransformation is between flat layers 1425 to a honeycomb shape 1445.

In some cases, the shape transformation changes surface texture. In FIG.14M and FIG. 14N, the transformation is between a flat surface 1426 andan undulatory surface 1446. In FIG. 14O and FIG. 14P, the transformationis between a flat surface 1427 and a bumpy surface 1447.

In some cases, the shape transformation comprises 3D folding or 3Dunfolding. In FIGS. 14Q and 14R, five separate pieces of rigid substrate1430 are attached to hygromorphic material 1431 to form a flat shape1432. Hygromorphic actuation changes this flat shape 1432 into a 3Dfolded shape 1452, and vice versa. Likewise, in FIGS. 14S and 14T, sixseparate pieces of rigid substrate 1433 are attached to hygromorphicmaterial 1434 to form a flat shape 1435. Hygromorphic actuation changesthis flat shape 1435 into a 3D folded shape 1455, and vice versa.Similarly, in FIGS. 14U and 14V, multiple separate pieces of rigidsubstrate 1436 are attached to hygromorphic material 1437 to form a flatshape 14338. Hygromorphic actuation changes this flat shape 1435 into a3D folded shape 1459, and vice versa.

In some embodiments of this invention, hygromorphic material is used tochange the geometry of a fabric. In some cases, hygromorphic material isdeposited on a certain region within a thread matrix. When thehygromorphic material shrinks into smaller volume at low relativehumidity, both the length and diameter of the thread decreases. Thethreads may be interwoven, such that a decrease in relative humiditycauses a woven region to change shape to have a smaller space betweenthreads. Similarly, a spring shape of a thread may expand or contract iftreated by hygromorphic material. If hygromorphic material is applied toonly one side of a thread, then the thread tends to bend.

FIG. 15A-15J show hygromorphic material attached to threads in atextile, in an illustrative embodiment of this invention. Thehygromorphic material expands in response to an increase in relativehumidity, and contracts in response to a decline in relative humidity.

FIG. 15A and FIG. 15B show hygromorphically-actuated expansion andcontraction of a portion of a single thread. The thread 1501 includes aregion 1502 where the hygromorphic material has been applied.

FIG. 15C and FIG. 15D show hygromorphically-actuated expansion andcontraction of plain-woven threads 1505. The interwoven threads 1505include a region 1506 where the hygromorphic material has been applied.

FIG. 15E and FIG. 15F show hygromorphically-actuated expansion andcontraction of spiral loops of a thread. The thread 1510 includes aregion 1511 where the hygromorphic material has been applied.

FIG. 15G and FIG. 15H show hygromorphically-actuated expansion andcontraction of hygromorphic material in a lower region 1521 of a thread1520. The transformation changes the thread shape between flat and “V”shaped.

FIG. 15I, 15J and FIG. 15K show hygromorphically-actuated expansion andcontraction of plain-woven threads 1525. The hygromorphic material isapplied only to lower regions (e.g., 1527) of threads (e.g, 1528), andonly in area 1526. The transformation changes the weave shape betweenplain weave (i.e., criss-cross at 90 degree angle) and bent.

FIGS. 16A-16H show hygromorphically-actuated expansion and contractionof a composite film, in an illustrative embodiment of this invention.The composite film comprises liquid latex and cells and, in some of theFigures, other materials. In FIGS. 16A, 16C, 16E, 16G, humidity ishigher and hygromorphic material are in an expanded state. In FIGS. 16B,16CD, 16F, 16H, humidity is lower and hygromorphic material are in acontracted state.

In FIGS. 16A-16H, a heating container 1601 holds a composite thatincludes hygromorphic material. For example, the hygromorphic materialmay comprise living cells.

The heating container 1601 includes a heater. In some cases: (a)container 1601 provides heat that speeds evaporation of liquid from thesolution that is deposited by the LDM 3D printer; (b) the evaporationcauses the deposited material to solidify. For example, in some cases,the liquid solution that is deposited by the LDM comprises liquid latex,cells and other functional materials (e.g., dyes, nanoparticles, etc)that were premixed before pouring into the heating container on top of ahotplate. Water is evaporated during heating process and a thin film isformed. As the liquid latex has a higher viscosity, no mixing orstirring is needed during the evaporation process.

In FIGS. 16A and 16B, the composite 1602 comprises liquid polymerprecursor and hygromorphic material represented by circles and ovals.

In FIGS. 16C and 16D, the composite 1603 comprises liquid polymerprecursor and hygromorphic material (represented by circles and ovals)and magnetic nanoparticles (symbolized by small black circles).

In FIGS. 16E and 16F, the composite 1604 comprises liquid polymerprecursor and hygromorphic material (represented by circles and ovals),and nanowires (symbolized by dark rods).

In FIGS. 16G and 16H, the composite 1605 comprises liquid polymerprecursor and hygromorphic material (represented by circles and ovals),and sensors (symbolized by rectangles).

Hygromorphic Materials

In illustrative implementations, any type of hygromorphic material naybe employed. For example, in some cases, the hygromorphic materialcomprises living cells or cell debris, including bacterial cells, suchas gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria, fungi cells(including yeast cells), mammalian cells, or cellular componentsincluding protein, DNA, carbohydrate (including polysaccharide) or theirmixtures. For example, the hygromorphic material may comprise vegetativeor endospore cells of any bacteria, including Bacillus sp.

For example, in some cases, the hygromorphic material comprisesvegetative Bacillus subtilis natto cells. Natto cells are relativehumidity responsive actuators. Natto cells may be suspended in water,and deposited onto latex to form composite thin films upon waterevaporation. In some embodiments of this invention, the LDM 3D printerdeposits a solution of water and natto cells. The solution of nattocells and water is stored in a gravity-feed solution container. Thesolution is then dispensed through liquid dispenser 121. A ventilationmodule as well as the heating plate module are used to speed upevaporation of liquid from the deposited solution.

In some cases, the hygromorphic material comprises chemical curablehydrogels such as calcium alginate based hydrogels. The liquid sodiumalginate solution may form gel when it meets calcium solution. The gelforms due to the replacement of alginate iron with calcium iron when thetwo liquid solution meets each other. In some cases, the LDM printeruses dispenser 121 to deposit a thin line of liquid alginate, then usesthe pneumatically controlled container module with a Luer fitting brushtip to deposit calcium solution following the same printing path. Gelforms immediately as the brush passes by the liquid alginate lines. 3Dstructures may be formed layer by layer.

In some cases, the hygromorphic material comprises UV curable hydrogel.Hydrogel swells in water. In some embodiments of this invention, thehygromorphic material solution is poly(ethylene glycol) di(meth)acrylate(PEGDA), a UV curable hydrogel. In its gel phase, it swells more than40% when submerged in water. The formation of the hydrogel is triggeredby UV radiation, where free radicals are released from the initiator,resulting in crosslinking of the gels. The pre-polymer solidifies within10 seconds when high intensity and focused UV light is applied. In somecases, the LDM printer uses the dispenser 121 and the UV lamp 146 toprint the hydrogel.

In addition, in some cases, thermochromic powder (a) is included in thecomposite film; and (b) the composite film changes colors withtemperature.

Use Cases

This invention has many practical applications. Here are somenon-limiting examples:

A composite film that includes hygromorphic material may be used toconstruct sweat-responsive textile for a breathable sports garment.FIGS. 17A, 17B and 17C show a running suit 1700 withhygromorphically-actuated vents 1701, in an illustrative embodiment ofthis invention. The suit is powered by and responds to the user's sweatresulting opening of the vents, to cool down the runner. FIG. 17A showsthe region of the suit worn on the runner's back. In FIG. 17B, therelative humidity is low, the hygromorphic material is contracted andthe force on the tri-layer film is balanced, and vents 1701 are closedshut. In FIG. 17C, the relative humidity towards skin is high (due torunner's sweat), the hygromorphic material is expanded, and the force bythe contraction of hygromorphic materials exposed to the environmentdominates, and vents 1701 are open.

FIG. 18 shows hygromorphic material applied to form the “veins” 1803 ona leaf-shaped substrate 1801. The biomemetic leaf-shaped object changesin shape between flat 1800 and curved 1802, in response to changes inrelative humidity.

The film may be used as micro-actuators to activate microstructures. Forexample, it may be used to design micro-valves that may be activated bymoisture. One application is a moisture responsive toothbrush withintegrated micro-valves that may mix chemical components (e.g. toproduce hydrogen peroxide for whitening) only when the toothbrush isplaced into a human mouth.

Also, a composite film that includes hygromorphic material may be used:(a) as covers for pills, which covers change shape in response to liquidin the mouth or digestive system; (b) in a sweat- or moisture-responsivehome textile, such as bed sheets, pillow cover, wall paper, curtain andblanket; (c) in moisture-responsive toys that may be actuated by eitherheating or human breath; and (d) in moisture-responsive health careproducts, including facials, toothbrush; (e) in moisture supplyingproducts or food, including body creams, soap bars, ice creams etc.

In some cases, a composite film that includes hygromorphic material maybe used for a “Living Teabag”. In this example, the leaf on top of thetea bag is curled up in the beginning. After pouring hot water into theteacup, the curled leaf slowly unwraps to indicate the tea bag is fullysoaked in water. Once the tea is ready and the tea bag is pulled out ofthe cup, the leaf curls up again to indicate the end of its life. Theunwrapping may be triggered by either the steam coming from the hotwater, or the capillary force that comes all the way up from the teabag. Since the length and timing of the capillary movement iscontrollable, the leaf's unwrapping may more precisely indicate thetiming of when tea is ready.

In some cases, the hygromorphic material is used to actuate a tiny drugdelivery apparatus.

Computers

In exemplary implementations of this invention, one or more electroniccomputers (e.g. 111, 505, 506, 1011) are programmed and speciallyadapted: (1) to control the operation of, or interface with, hardwarecomponents of a 3D printing system; (2) to control the operation of, orinterface with, hardware components of a bubbler system; (3) to performany other calculation, computation, program, algorithm, or computerfunction described or implied above; (4) to receive signals indicativeof human input; (5) to output signals for controlling transducers foroutputting information in human perceivable format; and (6) to processdata, to perform computations, to execute any algorithm or software, andto control the read or write of data to and from memory devices (items1-6 of this sentence referred to herein as the “Computer Tasks

In exemplary implementations, one or more computers are programmed toperform any and all calculations, computations, programs, algorithms,computer functions and computer tasks described or implied above. Forexample, in some cases: (a) a machine-accessible medium has instructionsencoded thereon that specify steps in a software program; and (b) thecomputer accesses the instructions encoded on the machine-accessiblemedium, in order to determine steps to execute in the program. Inexemplary implementations, the machine-accessible medium comprises atangible non-transitory medium. In some cases, the machine-accessiblemedium comprises (a) a memory unit or (b) an auxiliary memory storagedevice. For example, in some cases, a control unit in a computer fetchesthe instructions from memory.

In illustrative implementations, one or more computers execute programsaccording to instructions encoded in one or more tangible,non-transitory, computer-readable media. For example, in some cases,these instructions comprise instructions for a computer to perform anycalculation, computation, program, algorithm, or computer functiondescribed or implied above. For example, in some cases, instructionsencoded in a tangible, non-transitory, computer-accessible mediumcomprise instructions for a computer to perform the Computer Tasks.

Definitions

The terms “a” and “an”, when modifying a noun, do not imply that onlyone of the noun exists.

The term “comprise” (and grammatical variations thereof) shall beconstrued as if followed by “without limitation”. If A comprises B, thenA includes B and may include other things.

The term “computer” includes any computational device that performslogical and arithmetic operations. For example, in some cases, a“computer” comprises an electronic computational device, such as anintegrated circuit, a microprocessor, a mobile computing device, alaptop computer, a tablet computer, a personal computer, or a mainframecomputer. In some cases, a “computer” comprises: (a) a centralprocessing unit, (b) an ALU (arithmetic logic unit), (c) a memory unit,and (d) a control unit that controls actions of other components of thecomputer so that encoded steps of a program are executed in a sequence.In some cases, a “computer” also includes peripheral units including anauxiliary memory storage device (e.g., a disk drive or flash memory), orincludes signal processing circuitry. However, a human is not a“computer”, as that term is used herein.

“Defined Term” means a term or phrase that is set forth in quotationmarks in this Definitions section.

For an event to occur “during” a time period, it is not necessary thatthe event occur throughout the entire time period. For example, an eventthat occurs during only a portion of a given time period occurs “during”the given time period.

The term “e.g.” means for example.

The fact that an “example” or multiple examples of something are givendoes not imply that they are the only instances of that thing. Anexample (or a group of examples) is merely a non-exhaustive andnon-limiting illustration.

Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise: (1) a phrase thatincludes “a first” thing and “a second” thing does not imply an order ofthe two things (or that there are only two of the things); and (2) sucha phrase is simply a way of identifying the two things, respectively, sothat they each may be referred to later with specificity (e.g., byreferring to “the first” thing and “the second” thing later). Forexample, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, if an equationhas a first term and a second term, then the equation may (or may not)have more than two terms, and the first term may occur before or afterthe second term in the equation. A phrase that includes a “third” thing,a “fourth” thing and so on shall be construed in like manner.

“For instance” means for example.

“Herein” means in this document, including text, specification, claims,abstract, and drawings.

The “hygromorphology” of an object means the set of changes in shapethat the object would undergo in response to changes in ambient relativehumidity.

A “hygromorphic” material means a material that expands in response toan increase in relative humidity and that contracts in response to adecrease in relative humidity.

As used herein: (1) “implementation” means an implementation of thisinvention; (2) “embodiment” means an embodiment of this invention; (3)“case” means an implementation of this invention; and (4) “use scenario”means a use scenario of this invention.

The term “include” (and grammatical variations thereof) shall beconstrued as if followed by “without limitation”.

“I/O device” means an input/output device. Non-limiting examples of anI/O device include any device for (a) receiving input from a human user,(b) providing output to a human user, or (c) both. Non-limiting examplesof an I/O device also include a touch screen, other electronic displayscreen, keyboard, mouse, microphone, handheld electronic gamecontroller, digital stylus, display screen, speaker, or projector forprojecting a visual display.

As used herein, water or an aqueous solution in liquid form shall betreated as having a relative humidity of 100%. For example, if a dryobject surrounded by air with 10% relative humidity is suddenly immersedin a bucket of water, then the object is treated as being exposed to anincrease in relative humidity.

The term “or” is inclusive, not exclusive. For example A or B is true ifA is true, or B is true, or both A or B are true. Also, for example, acalculation of A or B means a calculation of A, or a calculation of B,or a calculation of A and B.

A parenthesis is simply to make text easier to read, by indicating agrouping of words. A parenthesis does not mean that the parentheticalmaterial is optional or may be ignored.

As used herein, the term “set” does not include a group with noelements. Mentioning a first set and a second set does not, in and ofitself, create any implication regarding whether or not the first andsecond sets overlap (that is, intersect).

“Sharply angled bend” means a region of a surface, which region includesa curve that is positioned between and touches two planar areas of theregion.

“Smooth curve” means a region of a surface, which region is continuouslycurved but is not divided into several tangible flat surfaces.

“Some” means one or more.

As used herein, a “subset” of a set consists of less than all of theelements of the set.

“Substantially” means at least ten percent. For example: (a) 112 issubstantially larger than 100; and (b) 108 is not substantially largerthan 100. For example, a “substantially planar region” means a regionfor which there exists a direction, such that all surface normals to theregion are within 10 degrees of the direction.

The term “such as” means for example.

“3D printer” means an apparatus for depositing material, according tocomputer instructions, which apparatus includes a 3-axis positioningsystem, actuators for the positioning system, and an orifice throughwhich material is ejected.

To say that a machine-readable medium is “transitory” means that themedium is a transitory signal, such as an electromagnetic wave.

To say that a bacterial cell is “vegetative” means that the cell isliving but is not in endospore dormant phase.

Except to the extent that the context clearly requires otherwise, ifsteps in a method are described herein, then the method includesvariations in which: (1) steps in the method occur in any order orsequence, including any order or sequence different than that described;(2) any step or steps in the method occurs more than once; (3) differentsteps, out of the steps in the method, occur a different number of timesduring the method, (4) any combination of steps in the method is done inparallel or serially; (5) any step or steps in the method is performediteratively; (6) a given step in the method is applied to the same thingeach time that the given step occurs or is applied to different thingseach time that the given step occurs; or (7) the method includes othersteps, in addition to the steps described.

This Definitions section shall, in all cases, control over and overrideany other definition of the Defined Terms. For example, the definitionsof Defined Terms set forth in this Definitions section override commonusage or any external dictionary. If a given term is explicitly orimplicitly defined in this document, then that definition shall becontrolling, and shall override any definition of the given term arisingfrom any source (e.g., a dictionary or common usage) that is external tothis document. If this document provides clarification regarding themeaning of a particular term, then that clarification shall, to theextent applicable, override any definition of the given term arisingfrom any source (e.g., a dictionary or common usage) that is external tothis document. To the extent that any term or phrase is defined orclarified herein, such definition or clarification applies to anygrammatical variation of such term or phrase, taking into account thedifference in grammatical form. For example, the grammatical variationsinclude noun, verb, participle, adjective, and possessive forms, anddifferent declensions, and different tenses. In each case described inthis paragraph, the Applicant or Applicants are acting as his, her, itsor their own lexicographer.

Variations

This invention may be implemented in many different ways. Here are somenon-limiting examples:

In one aspect, this invention is a method comprising applyinghygromorphic material to a first side of an object, such that: (a) theamount of the hygromorphic material that adheres to the first sidevaries substantially from region to region of the first side; (b) thehygromorphic material adheres in a first spatial distribution on thefirst side of the object, which first spatial distribution is the amountof hygromorphic material adhering to the first side as a function ofspatial position; and (c) the hygromorphology of the object, after theapplying, depends at least in part on the first spatial distribution. Insome cases, the hygromorphology includes changing from a state in whichthe shape of the object does not include a sharply angled bend to astate in which the shape of the object includes a sharply angled bend.In some cases, the hygromorphic material comprises a hydrogel. In somecases, the hygromorphic material comprises a bacterial cell. In somecases, the method further comprises adjusting relative humidity ambientto the object, and thus causing a change in shape of the object. In somecases, the adjusting of relative humidity comprises increasing moisturecontent at some times and decreasing moisture content at other times,wherein: (a) the increasing comprises increasing relative humidity ofair ambient to the first side; and (b) the decreasing comprisesevaporation caused by resistive electrical heating. In some cases, theresistive electrical heating occurs in conductive material that is partof the object. In some cases: (a) the method further comprises applyinghygromorphic material to a second side of the object, which side isdifferent than the first side, such that the amount of hygromorphicmaterial that adheres to the second side varies substantially fromregion to region of the second side; (b) the hygromorphic materialadheres in a second spatial distribution on the second side of theobject, which second spatial distribution is the amount of hygromorphicmaterial adhering to the second side as a function of spatial position;and (c) the hygromorphology of the object, after the applying describedin clause (b) of this claim 9, depends at least in part on the secondspatial distribution. Each of the cases described above in thisparagraph is an example of the method described in the first sentence ofthis paragraph, and is also an example of an embodiment of thisinvention that may be combined with other embodiments of this invention.

In another aspect, this invention is a method comprising: (a) applyinghygromorphic material to a first side of an object, such that the amountof the hygromorphic material that adheres to the first side variessubstantially from region to region of the first side; and (b) applyinghygromorphic material to a second side of an object, such that theamount of the hygromorphic material that adheres to the second sidevaries substantially from region to region of the second side; whereinthe first and second sides are different from each other. In some cases,the applying of hygromophic material to the first and second sides issuch that, after the applying, the object would undergo a bendingmovement if the object were to be simultaneously exposed to a firstrelative humidity on the first side and a second relative humidity onthe second side, the first and second relative humidities beingdifferent from each other. In some cases, the bending movement wouldinclude changing from a state in which the shape of the object does notinclude a sharply angled bend to a state in which the shape of theobject includes a sharply angled bend. Each of the cases described abovein this paragraph is an example of the method described in the firstsentence of this paragraph, and is also an example of an embodiment ofthis invention that may be combined with other embodiments of thisinvention.

In another aspect, this invention is an apparatus comprising (a) a 3Dprinter for applying hygromorphic material to a first side of an object,such that the amount of the hygromorphic material that adheres to thefirst side varies substantially from region to region of the first side;and (b) one or more heaters and humidifiers for varying the relativehumidity that is ambient to the object, and thus causing a change inshape of the object, which change of shape follows a bending pattern,which bending pattern depends, at least in part, on a distribution ofthe hygromorphic material on the first side, which distribution is theamount of hygromorphic material adhering to the first side as a functionof spatial position on the first side. In some cases, the bendingpattern comprises a sharply angled bend. In some cases, the bendingpattern comprises a smooth curve. In some cases, the bending patterncomprises a change in surface texture. In some cases, the heatercomprises a resistive material. In some cases: (a) the printer is alsoconfigured for applying a hygromorphic material to a second side of theobject, which side is different than the first side, such that theamount of the hygromorphic material that adheres to the second sidevaries substantially from region to region of the second side; and (b)the bending pattern also depends, at least in part, on a seconddistribution of the hygromorphic material on the second side, whichsecond distribution is the amount of hygromorphic material adhering tothe second side as a function of spatial position on the second side.Each of the cases described above in this paragraph is an example of theapparatus described in the first sentence of this paragraph, and is alsoan example of an embodiment of this invention that may be combined withother embodiments of this invention.

In another aspect, this invention is an article of manufacture that (a)includes hygromorphic material that adheres to a first side of thearticle, such that the amount of the hygromorphic material that adheresto the first side varies substantially from region to region of thefirst side; and (b) includes hygromorphic material that adheres to asecond side of the article, such that the amount of the hygromorphicmaterial that adheres to the second side varies substantially fromregion to region of the first side; wherein, the distribution ofhygromorphic material adhering to the first and second sides is suchthat when a change in relative humidity ambient to the object occurs,this change in relative humidity causes a change in shape of the object,which change of shape follows a bending pattern, which bending patternincludes forming a sharply angled bend. In some cases, the articlecomprises a textile fabric. In some cases, the article includes aresistive heater. Each of the cases described above in this paragraph isan example of the article of manufacture described in the first sentenceof this paragraph, and is also an example of an embodiment of thisinvention that may be combined with other embodiments of this invention.

The above description (including without limitation any attacheddrawings and figures) describes illustrative implementations of theinvention. However, the invention may be implemented in other ways. Themethods and apparatus which are described above are merely illustrativeapplications of the principles of the invention. Other arrangements,methods, modifications, and substitutions by one of ordinary skill inthe art are therefore also within the scope of the present invention.Numerous modifications may be made by those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention. Also, this invention includeswithout limitation each combination and permutation of one or more ofthe abovementioned implementations, embodiments and features.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising a 3D printer, wherein the3D printer is configured to apply hygromorphic material to a first sideof an object, in such a way that: (a) the amount of the hygromorphicmaterial that adheres to the first side varies substantially from regionto region of the first side; (b) the hygromorphic material adheres in afirst spatial distribution on the first side of the object, which firstspatial distribution is the amount of hygromorphic material adhering tothe first side as a function of spatial position; and (c) thehygromorphology of the object, after the hygromorphic material isapplied to the first side, (A) depends at least in part on the firstspatial distribution, and (B) includes changing from a state in whichthe shape of the object does not include a sharply angled bend to astate in which the shape of the object includes a sharply angled bend.2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the 3D printer: (a) is configuredto deposit the hygromorphic material according to computer instructions;and (b) includes a 3-axis positioning system.
 3. The apparatus of claim1, wherein the hygromorphic material comprises a hydrogel.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the hygromorphic material comprises abacterial cell.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatusfurther comprises or more humidifiers that are configured to causechanges in relative humidity that is ambient to the object.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 5, wherein the changes in relative humidity compriseincreases in relative humidity of air ambient to the first side.
 7. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the 3D printer is configured to applyhygromorphic material to a second side of the object in such a way that:(a) the amount of hygromorphic material that adheres to the second sidevaries substantially from region to region of the second side; (b) thehygromorphic material adheres in a second spatial distribution on thesecond side of the object, which second spatial distribution is theamount of hygromorphic material adhering to the second side as afunction of spatial position; and (c) the hygromorphology of the object,after the hygromorphic material is applied to the second side, dependsat least in part on the second spatial distribution; the second sidebeing different than the first side.
 8. An apparatus comprising a 3Dprinter, wherein the 3D printer is configured to apply hygromorphicmaterial to a first side of an object and to a second side of theobject, in such a way that: (a) the amount of the hygromorphic materialthat adheres to the first side varies substantially from region toregion of the first side; (b) the amount of the hygromorphic materialthat adheres to the second side varies substantially from region toregion of the second side; and (c) the object is configured to undergobending in response to a change in relative humidity, which bendingincludes changing from a state in which the shape of the object does notinclude a sharply angled bend to a state in which the shape of theobject includes a sharply angled bend; the second side being differentthan the first side.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the bendingoccurs when the object is simultaneously exposed to a first relativehumidity on the first side and to a second relative humidity on thesecond side, the first and second relative humidities being differentfrom each other.